Treaty between the United States
of America and the Russian Federation on Further Reductions and Limitation
of Strategic Offensive Arms
The United States of America and the Russian Federation, hereinafter
referred to as the Parties,
Reaffirming their obligations under the Treaty Between the United States
of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction
and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms of July 31, 1991, hereinafter
referred to as the START Treaty,
Stressing their firm commitment to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons of July 1, 1968, and their desire to contribute to
its strengthening,
Taking into account the commitment by the Republic of Belarus, the Republic
of Kazakhstan, and Ukraine to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons of July 1, 1968, as non-nuclear-weapon States Parties,
Mindful of their undertakings with respect to strategic offensive arms
under Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
of July 1, 1968, and under the Treaty Between the United States of America
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic
Missile Systems of May 26, 1972, as well as the provisions of the Joint
Understanding signed by the Presidents of the United States of America
and the Russian Federation on June 17, 1992, and of the Joint Statement
on a Global Protection System signed by the Presidents of the United States
of America and the Russian Federation on June 17, 1992,
Desiring to enhance strategic stability and predictability, and, in
doing so, to reduce further strategic offensive arms, in addition to the
reductions and limitations provided for in the START Treaty,
Considering that further progress toward that end will help lay a solid
foundation for a world order built on democratic values that would preclude
the risk of outbreak of war,
Recognizing their special responsibility as permanent members of the
United Nations Security Council for maintaining international peace and
security,
Taking note of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 47/52K of
December 9, 1992.
Conscious of the new realities that have transformed the political and
strategic relations between the Parties, and the relations of partnership
that have been established between them,
Have agreed as follows:
Article I
1. Each Party shall reduce and limit its intercontinental ballistic
missiles (ICBMs) and ICBM launchers, submarine-launched ballistic missiles
(SLBMs) and SLBM launchers, heavy bombers, ICBM warheads, SLBM warheads,
and heavy bomber armaments, so that seven years after entry into force
of the START Treaty and thereafter, the aggregate number for each Party,
as counted in accordance with Articles III and IV of this Treaty, does
not exceed, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBMs, deployed SLBMs,
and deployed heavy bombers, a number between 3800 and 4250 or such lower
number as each Party shall decide for itself, but in no case shall such
number exceed 4250.
2. Within the limitations provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article,
the aggregate numbers for each Party shall not exceed:
(a) 2160, for warheads attributed to deployed SLBMs;
(b) 1200, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBMs of types to
which more than one warhead is attributed; and
(c) 650, for warheads attributed to deployed heavy ICBMs.
3. Upon fulfillment of the obligations provided for in paragraph 1 of
this Article, each Party shall further reduce and limit its ICBMs and
ICBM launchers, SLBMs and SLBM launchers, heavy bombers, ICBM warheads,
SLBM warheads, and heavy bomber armaments, so that no later than January
1, 2003, and thereafter, the aggregate number for each Party, as counted
in accordance with Articles III and IV of this Treaty, does not exceed,
for warheads attributed to deployed ICBMS, deployed SLBMS, and deployed
heavy bombers, a number between 3000 and 3500 or such lower number as
each Party shall decide for itself, but in no case shall such number exceed
3500.
4. Within the limitations provided for in paragraph 3 of this Article,
the aggregate numbers for each Party shall not exceed:
(a) a number between 1700 and 1750, for warheads attributed to deployed
SLBMs or such lower number as each Party shall decide for itself,
but in no case shall such number exceed 1750;
(b) zero, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBMs of types to
which more than one warhead is attributed; and
(c) zero, for warheads attributed to deployed heavy ICBMs.
5. The process of reductions provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this
Article shall begin upon entry into force of this Treaty, shall be sustained
throughout the reductions period provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article,
and shall be completed no later than seven years after entry into force
of the START Treaty. Upon completion of these reductions, the Parties
shall begin furtherreductions provided for in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this
Article, which shall also be sustained throughout the reductions period
defined in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 6 of this Article.
6. Provided that the Parties conclude, within one year after entry into
force of this Treaty, an agreement on a program of assistance to promote
the fulfillment of the provisions of this Article, the obligations provided
for in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article and in Article II of this Treaty
shall be fulfilled by each Party no later than December 31, 2000.
Article II
1. No later than January 1, 2003, each Party undertakes to have eliminated
or to have converted to launchers of ICBMs to which one warhead is attributed
all its deployed and non-deployed launchers of ICBMs to which more than
one warhead is attributed under Article III of this Treaty (including
test launchers and training launchers), with the exception of those launchers
of ICBMs other than heavy ICBMs at space launch facilities allowed under
the START Treaty, and not to have thereafter launchers of ICBMs to which
more than one warhead is attributed. ICBM launchers that have been converted
to launch an ICBM of a different type shall not be capable of launching
an ICBM of the former type. Each Party shall carry out such elimination
or conversion using the procedures provided for in the START Treaty, except
as otherwise provided for in paragraph 3 of this Article.
2. The obligations provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article shall
not apply to silo launchers of ICBMs on which the number of warheads has
been reduced to one pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article III of this Treaty.
3. Elimination of silo launchers of heavy ICBMS, including test launchers
and training launchers, shall be implemented by means of either:
(a) elimination in accordance with the procedures provided for in
Section II of the Protocol on Procedures Governing the Conversion
or Elimination of the Items Subject to the START Treaty; or
(b) conversion to silo launchers of ICBMs other than heavy ICBMs
in accordance with the procedures provided for in the Protocol on
Procedures Governing Elimination of Heavy ICBMs and on Procedures
Governing Conversion of Silo Launchers of Heavy ICBMsRelating to
the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian
Federation on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive
Arms, hereinafter referred to as the Elimination and Conversion
Protocol. No more than 90 silo launchers of heavyICBMs may be so
converted.
4. Each Party undertakes not to emplace an ICBM, the launch canister
of which has a diameter greater than 2.5 meters, in any silo launcher
of heavy ICBMs converted in accordance with subparagraph 3(b) of this
Article.
5. Elimination of launchers of heavy ICBMs at space launch facilities
shall only be carried out in accordance with subparagraph 3(a) of this
Article.
6. No later than January 1, 2003, each Party undertakes to have eliminated
all of its deployed and non-deployed heavy ICBMs and their launch canisters
in accordance with the procedures provided for in the Elimination and
Conversion Protocol or by using such missiles for delivering objects into
the upper atmosphere or space, and not to have such missiles or launch
canisters thereafter.
7. Each Party shall have the right to conduct inspections in connection
with the elimination of heavy ICBMs and their launch canisters, as well
as inspections in connection with the conversion of silo launchers of
heavy ICBMS. Except as otherwise provided for in the Elimination and Conversion
Protocol, such inspections shall be conducted subject to the applicable
provisions of the START Treaty.
8. Each Party undertakes not to transfer heavy ICBMs to any recipient
whatsoever, including any other Party to the START Treaty.
9. Beginning on January 1, 2003, and thereafter, each Party undertakes
not to produce, acquire, flight-test (except for flight tests from space
launch facilities conducted in accordance with the provisions of the START
Treaty), or deploy ICBMs to which more than one warhead is attributed
under Article III of
Article III
1. For the purposes of attributing warheads to deployed ICBMs and deployed
SLBMs under this Treaty, the Parties shall use the provisions provided
for in Article III of the START Treaty, except as otherwise provided for
in paragraph 2 of this Article.
2. Each Party shall have the right to reduce the number of warheads
attributed to deployed ICBMs or deployed SLBMs only of existing types,
except for heavy ICBMS. Reduction in the number of warheads attributed
to deployed ICBMs and deployed SLBMs of existing types that are not heavy
ICBMs shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of paragraph
5 of Article III of the START Treaty, except that:
(a) the aggregate number by which warheads are reduced may exceed
the 1250 limit provided for in paragraph 5 of Article III of the START
Treaty;
(b) the number by which warheads are reduced on ICBMs and SLBMS,
other than the Minuteman III ICBM for the United States of America
and the SS-N-18 SLBM for the Russian Federation, may at any one
time exceed the limit of 500 warheads for each Party provided for
in subparagraph 5(c)(I) of Article III of the START Treaty;
(c) each Party shall have the right to reduce by more than four
warheads, but not by more than five warheads, the number of warheads
attributed to each ICBM out of no more than 105ICBMs of one existing
type of ICBM. An ICBM to which the number of warheads attributed
has been reduced in accordance with this paragraph shall only be
deployed in an ICBM launcher in which an ICBM of that type was deployed
as of the date of signature of the START Treaty; and
(d) the reentry vehicle platform for an ICBM or SLBM to which
a reduced number of warheads is attributed is not required to be
destroyed and replaced with a new reentry vehicleplatform.
3. Notwithstanding the number of warheads attributed to a type of ICBM
or SLBM in accordance with the START Treaty, each Party undertakes not
to:
(a) produce, flight-test, or deploy an ICBM or SLBM with a number
of reentry vehicles greater than the number of warheads attributed
to it under this Treaty; and
(b) increase the number of warheads attributed to an ICBM or SLBM
that has had the number of warheads attributed to it reduced in
accordance with the provisions of this Article.
Article IV
1. For the purposes of this Treaty, the number of warheads attributed
to each deployed heavy bomber shall be equal to the number of nuclear
weapons for which any heavy bomber of the same type or variant of a type
is actually equipped, with the exception of heavy bombers reoriented to
a conventional role as provided for in paragraph 7 of this Article. Each
nuclear weapon for which a heavy bomber is actually equipped shall count
as one warhead toward the limitations provided for in Article I of this
Treaty. For the purpose of such counting, nuclear weapons include long-range
nuclear air-launched cruise missiles (ALCMs), nuclear air-to-surface missiles
with a range of less than 600 kilometers, and nuclear bombs.
2. For the purposes of this Treaty, the number of nuclear weapons for
which a heavy bomber is actually equipped shall be the number specified
for heavy bombers of that type and variant of a type in the Memorandum
of Understanding on Warhead Attribution and HeavyBomber Data Relating
to the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation
on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, hereinafter
referredto as the Memorandum on Attribution.
3. Each Party undertakes not to equip any heavy bomber with a greater
number of nuclear weapons than the number specified for heavy bombers
of that type or variant of a type in the Memorandum on Attribution.
4. No later than 180 days after entry into force of this Treaty, each
Party shall exhibit one heavy bomber of each type and variant of a type
specified in the Memorandum on Attribution.
The purpose of the exhibition shall be to demonstrate to the other
Party the number of nuclear weapons for which a heavy bomber of a given
type or variant of a type is actually equipped.
5. If either Party intends to change the number of nuclear weapons specified
in the Memorandum on Attribution, for which a heavy bomber of a type or
variant of a type is actually equipped, it shall provide a 90-day advance
notification of such intention to the other Party. Ninety days after providing
such a notification, or at a later date agreed by the Parties, the Party
changing the number of nuclear weapons for which a heavy bomber is actually
equipped shallexhibit one heavy bomber of each such type or variant of
a type. The purpose of the exhibition shall be to demonstrate to the other
Party the revised number of nuclear weapons for which heavy bombers of
the specified type or variant of a type are actually equipped. The number
of nuclear weapons attributed to the specified type and variant of a type
of heavy bomber shall change on the ninetieth day after the notification
of such intent. On that day, the Party changing the number of nuclear
weapons for which a heavy bomber is actually equipped shall provide to
the other Party a notification of each change in data according to categories
of data contained in the Memorandum on Attribution.
6. The exhibitions and inspections conducted pursuant to paragraphs
4 and 5 of this Article shall be carried out in accordance with the procedures
provided for in the Protocol on Exhibitions and Inspections of Heavy Bombers
Relating to the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian
Federation on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive
Arms, hereinafter referred to as the Protocol on Exhibitions and Inspections.
7. Each Party shall have the right to reorient to a conventional role
heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments other than long-range nuclear
ALCMS. For the purposes of this Treaty, heavy bombers reoriented to a
conventional role are those heavy bombers specified by a Party from among
its heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments other than long-range
nuclear ALCMs that have never been accountable under the START Treaty
as heavy bombers equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMS. The reorienting
Party shall provide to the other Party a notification of its intent to
reorient a heavy bomber to a conventional role no less than 90 days in
advance of such reorientation. No conversion procedures shall be required
for such a heavy bomber to be specified as a heavy bomber reoriented to
a conventional role.
8. Heavy bombers reoriented to a conventional role shall be subject
to the following requirements:
(a) the number of such heavy bombers shall not exceed 100 at any one
time;
(b) such heavy bombers shall be based separately from heavy bombers
with nuclear roles;
(c) such heavy bombers shall be used only for non-nuclear missions.
Such heavy bombers shall not be used in exercises for nuclear missions,
and their aircrews shall not train or exercisefor such missions;
and
(d) heavy bombers reoriented to a conventional role shall have
differences from other heavy bombers of that type or variant of
a type that are observable by national technical means ofverification
and visible during inspection.
9. Each Party shall have the right to return to a nuclear role heavy
bombers that have been reoriented in accordance with paragraph 7 of this
Article to a conventional role. The Party carrying out such action shall
provide to the other Party through diplomatic channels notification of
its intent to return a heavy bomber to a nuclear role no less than 90
days in advance of taking such action. Such a heavy bomber returned to
a nuclear role shall not subsequently be reoriented to a conventional
role.
Heavy bombers reoriented to a conventional role that are subsequently
returned to a nuclear role shall have differences observable by national
technical means of verification and visible during inspection from other
heavy bombers of that type and variant of a type that have not been
reoriented to a conventional role, as well as from heavy bombers of
that type and variant of a type that are still reoriented to a conventional
role.
10. Each Party shall locate storage areas for heavy bomber nuclear armaments
no less than 100 kilometers from any air base where heavy bombers reoriented
to a conventional role are based.
11. Except as otherwise provided for in this Treaty, heavy bombers reoriented
to a conventional role shall remain subject to the provisions of the START
Treaty, including the inspection provisions.
12. If not all heavy bombers of a given type or variant of a type are
reoriented to a conventional role, one heavy bomber of each type or variant
of a type of heavy bomber reoriented to a conventional role shall be exhibited
in the open for the purpose of demonstrating to the other Party the differences
referred to in subparagraph 8(d) of this Article. Such differences shall
be subject to inspection by the other Party.
13. If not all heavy bombers of a given type or variant of a type reoriented
to a conventional role are returned to a nuclear role, one heavy bomber
of each type and variant of a type of heavy bomber returned to a nuclear
role shall be exhibited in the open for the purpose of demonstrating to
the other Party the differences referred to in paragraph 9 of this Article.
Such differences shall be subject to inspection by the other Party.
14. The exhibitions and inspections provided for in paragraphs 12 and
13 of this Article shall be carried out in accordance with the procedures
provided for in the Protocol on Exhibitions and Inspections.
Article V
1. Except as provided for in this Treaty, the provisions of the START
Treaty, including the verification provisions, shall be used for implementation
of this Treaty.
2. To promote the objectives and implementation of the provisions of
this Treaty, the Parties hereby establish the Bilateral Implementation
Commission. The Parties agree that, if either Party so requests, they
shall meet within the framework of the Bilateral Implementation Commission
to:
(a) resolve questions relating to compliance with the obligations
assumed; and
(b) agree upon such additional measures as may be necessary to
improve the viability and effectiveness of this Treaty.
Article VI
1. This Treaty, including its Memorandum on Attribution, Elimination
and Conversion Protocol, and Protocol on Exhibitions and Inspections,
all of which are integral parts thereof, shall be subject to ratification
in accordance with the constitutional procedures of each Party. This Treaty
shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification,
but not prior to the entry into force of the START Treaty.
2. The provisions of paragraph 8 of Article II of this Treaty shall
be applied provisionally by the Parties from the date of its signature.
3. This Treaty shall remain in force so long as the START Treaty remains
in force.
4. Each Party shall, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the
right to withdraw from this Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events
related to the subject matter of this Treatyhave jeopardized its supreme
interests. It shall give notice of its decision to the other Party six
months prior to withdrawal from this Treaty. Such notice shall include
a statement of the extraordinary events the notifying Party regards as
having jeopardized its supreme interests.
Article VII
Each Party may propose amendments to this Treaty. Agreed amendments
shall enter into force in accordance with the procedures governing entry
into force of this Treaty.
This Treaty shall be registered pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter
of the United Nations.
DONE at Moscow on January 3, 1993, in two copies, each in the English
and Russian languages, both texts being equally authentic.
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